hexa

Hexadecimal Encoding Package

Hexadecimal encoding and decoding with streaming I/O support.

AI Disclaimer (EU AI Act Article 50.4): AI assistance was used solely for testing, documentation, and bug resolution under human supervision.

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Table of Contents

• Overview
• Key Features
• Architecture
• Installation
• Quick Start
• Core Concepts
• API Reference
• Streaming Operations
• Performance
• Use Cases
• Best Practices
• Testing
• Contributing
• Future Enhancements
• Related Documentation
• License

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Overview

The hexa package provides standard hexadecimal encoding and decoding for Go applications. It implements the encoding.Coder interface for consistent hex operations across the golib ecosystem.

Design Philosophy

• Simplicity: Standard hex encoding (0-9, a-f)
• Efficiency: Direct byte slice operations without intermediate buffers
• Flexibility: Both byte slice and streaming I/O operations
• Stateless: No configuration needed, thread-safe
• Compatibility: Case-insensitive decoding

---

Key Features

Feature	Description
Standard Hex	RFC 4648 compliant encoding
Case-Insensitive	Accepts both uppercase and lowercase
Streaming Support	io.Reader and io.Writer interfaces
Memory Efficient	Direct operations, no buffering
Thread-Safe	Stateless, safe for concurrent use
Zero Config	No initialization parameters needed
Lossless	Perfect round-trip encoding/decoding

---

Architecture

Package Structure

encoding/hexa/
├── interface.go        # Public API (New function)
└── model.go           # Core implementation (Coder interface)

Component Architecture

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│              Hexa Package                            │
│                                                      │
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │         Coder Interface                      │  │
│  │  - Encode(bytes) → hex string               │  │
│  │  - Decode(hex) → bytes                      │  │
│  │  - EncodeReader(io.Reader) → io.Reader     │  │
│  │  - DecodeReader(io.Reader) → io.Reader     │  │
│  │  - Reset() (no-op, stateless)              │  │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
│                        │                             │
│                        ▼                             │
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │      Go encoding/hex Package                 │  │
│  │  - hex.Encode() / hex.EncodeToString()     │  │
│  │  - hex.Decode() / hex.DecodeString()       │  │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Data Flow

Encoding Flow:
  Binary Data → Hex Encode → "48656c6c6f" (2× size)
  [0x48, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f] → "48656c6c6f"

Decoding Flow:
  "48656c6c6f" → Hex Decode → Binary Data (½ size)
  "48656c6c6f" → [0x48, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]

Size Relationship:
  - Encoded size = Original size × 2
  - Decoded size = Encoded size ÷ 2
  - 1 byte = 2 hex characters

---

Installation

go get github.com/nabbar/golib/encoding/hexa

Dependencies:

• Go standard library (encoding/hex)
• github.com/nabbar/golib/encoding (interface definitions)

---

Quick Start

Basic Encoding/Decoding

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    
    enchex "github.com/nabbar/golib/encoding/hexa"
)

func main() {
    // Create a new coder
    coder := enchex.New()
    
    // Encode data to hexadecimal
    plaintext := []byte("Hello, World!")
    encoded := coder.Encode(plaintext)
    fmt.Printf("Encoded: %s\n", encoded)
    // Output: Encoded: 48656c6c6f2c20576f726c6421
    
    // Decode hexadecimal data
    decoded, err := coder.Decode(encoded)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Printf("Decoded: %s\n", decoded)
    // Output: Decoded: Hello, World!
}

---

Core Concepts

Hexadecimal Encoding

Hexadecimal encoding converts each byte (8 bits) into two hexadecimal characters (0-9, a-f).

Encoding Process:

Byte:     0x48      0x65      0x6c
Binary:   01001000  01100101  01101100
Hex:      4    8    6    5    6    c
Result:   "48"      "65"      "6c"

Properties:

• Input: Binary data (bytes)
• Output: Hexadecimal string (2× size)
• Format: Lowercase hex (default)
• Reversible: Lossless encoding/decoding
• Character Set: 0-9, a-f (16 characters)

Case Insensitivity

Decoding accepts both uppercase and lowercase:

coder := enchex.New()

// All these decode to the same result
decoded1, _ := coder.Decode([]byte("48656c6c6f"))  // lowercase
decoded2, _ := coder.Decode([]byte("48656C6C6F"))  // uppercase
decoded3, _ := coder.Decode([]byte("48656C6c6F"))  // mixed

// All equal: []byte("Hello")

Size Calculations

original := []byte("Hello")      // 5 bytes
encoded := coder.Encode(original)  // 10 bytes (5 × 2)
decoded, _ := coder.Decode(encoded)  // 5 bytes (10 ÷ 2)

Formula:

• encoded_size = original_size × 2
• decoded_size = encoded_size ÷ 2

---

API Reference

New

New() encoding.Coder

Creates a new hexadecimal coder instance.

coder := enchex.New()

Returns:

• Stateless coder instance (thread-safe)

Notes:

• No configuration needed
• Multiple instances safe for concurrent use
• Reset() is a no-op (stateless)

Encode

Encode(p []byte) []byte

Encodes binary data to hexadecimal string.

plaintext := []byte("Hello")
hex := coder.Encode(plaintext)
// hex = []byte("48656c6c6f")

Parameters:

• p: Binary data to encode

Returns:

• Hexadecimal representation (2× size)

Output Format:

• Lowercase hexadecimal (0-9, a-f)
• No delimiters or spacing
• No prefix (no "0x")

Decode

Decode(p []byte) ([]byte, error)

Decodes hexadecimal string to binary data.

hexData := []byte("48656c6c6f")
plaintext, err := coder.Decode(hexData)
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
// plaintext = []byte("Hello")

Parameters:

• p: Hexadecimal data to decode

Returns:

• Binary data (½ size)
• Error if invalid hex characters or odd length

Error Conditions:

• Invalid hex characters (not 0-9, a-f, A-F)
• Odd length hex string

Reset

Reset()

Clears internal state (no-op for stateless coder).

coder.Reset()  // Does nothing, included for interface compatibility

Notes:

• Included for encoding.Coder interface compatibility
• No state to clear (stateless implementation)
• Safe to call, has no effect

---

Streaming Operations

Encode Stream

EncodeReader(r io.Reader) io.Reader

Creates a reader that encodes data on-the-fly.

import "os"

file, _ := os.Open("binary.dat")
defer file.Close()

// Create hex-encoded reader
hexReader := coder.EncodeReader(file)

// Write encoded data to output
output, _ := os.Create("encoded.hex")
defer output.Close()

io.Copy(output, hexReader)

Decode Stream

DecodeReader(r io.Reader) io.Reader

Creates a reader that decodes hex data on-the-fly.

file, _ := os.Open("encoded.hex")
defer file.Close()

// Create decoded reader
binaryReader := coder.DecodeReader(file)

// Read decoded data
output, _ := os.Create("decoded.dat")
defer output.Close()

io.Copy(output, binaryReader)

Example: Hex Dump File

func hexDumpFile(inputPath, outputPath string) error {
    coder := enchex.New()
    
    // Open input
    input, err := os.Open(inputPath)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    defer input.Close()
    
    // Create output
    output, err := os.Create(outputPath)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    defer output.Close()
    
    // Encode stream
    hexReader := coder.EncodeReader(input)
    _, err = io.Copy(output, hexReader)
    return err
}

---

Performance

Benchmark Results

Operation	Throughput	Allocation	Notes
Encode (1KB)	~1 GB/s	2KB	Doubles size
Decode (1KB)	~800 MB/s	512B	Halves size
Encode (1MB)	~1.2 GB/s	2MB	Large blocks
Decode (1MB)	~900 MB/s	512KB	Large blocks
Stream (4KB buffer)	~800 MB/s	8KB	Buffered I/O

Benchmarks on AMD64, Go 1.21, Linux

Memory Characteristics

Operation	Memory	Notes
Coder Instance	~0 bytes	Stateless
Encode	Input × 2	Output buffer
Decode	Input ÷ 2	Output buffer
Stream Buffer	4KB default	Configurable

Performance Tips

1. Reuse Coder Instance:

// ✅ Good: Reuse coder (stateless anyway)
coder := enchex.New()
for _, data := range dataList {
    encoded := coder.Encode(data)
}

// Also OK: Create per operation (no overhead)
for _, data := range dataList {
    coder := enchex.New()
    encoded := coder.Encode(data)
}

2. Pre-allocate for Known Sizes:

// For encoding
inputSize := len(data)
output := make([]byte, inputSize*2)
// Use encoding/hex directly for pre-allocated buffer

3. Use Streaming for Large Files:

// ✅ Good: Stream large files
hexReader := coder.EncodeReader(fileReader)
io.Copy(output, hexReader)

// ❌ Bad: Load entire file into memory
data, _ := io.ReadAll(fileReader)
encoded := coder.Encode(data)

---

Use Cases

Configuration Files

// Store binary data in config files
type Config struct {
    EncryptionKey string `json:"encryption_key"`  // Hex encoded
}

func SaveConfig(cfg Config, key []byte) error {
    coder := enchex.New()
    cfg.EncryptionKey = string(coder.Encode(key))
    
    data, _ := json.Marshal(cfg)
    return os.WriteFile("config.json", data, 0600)
}

func LoadConfig() ([]byte, error) {
    data, _ := os.ReadFile("config.json")
    
    var cfg Config
    json.Unmarshal(data, &cfg)
    
    coder := enchex.New()
    return coder.Decode([]byte(cfg.EncryptionKey))
}

Checksums and Hashes

import (
    "crypto/sha256"
    enchex "github.com/nabbar/golib/encoding/hexa"
)

func ComputeChecksum(data []byte) string {
    hash := sha256.Sum256(data)
    coder := enchex.New()
    return string(coder.Encode(hash[:]))
}

func VerifyChecksum(data []byte, expected string) bool {
    actual := ComputeChecksum(data)
    return actual == expected
}

Debugging Output

func DebugPrint(label string, data []byte) {
    coder := enchex.New()
    hex := coder.Encode(data)
    
    fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n", label, hex)
    fmt.Printf("  Length: %d bytes\n", len(data))
    fmt.Printf("  Hex: %s\n", hex)
}

Wire Protocol

// Encode binary data for text-based protocols
func SendData(conn net.Conn, data []byte) error {
    coder := enchex.New()
    encoded := coder.Encode(data)
    
    // Send as text with newline
    _, err := fmt.Fprintf(conn, "%s\n", encoded)
    return err
}

func ReceiveData(conn net.Conn) ([]byte, error) {
    scanner := bufio.NewScanner(conn)
    if !scanner.Scan() {
        return nil, scanner.Err()
    }
    
    coder := enchex.New()
    return coder.Decode(scanner.Bytes())
}

Database Storage

// Store binary data as hex in VARCHAR columns
type User struct {
    ID     int
    Avatar []byte
}

func (u *User) SaveAvatar(db *sql.DB) error {
    coder := enchex.New()
    hex := coder.Encode(u.Avatar)
    
    _, err := db.Exec(
        "UPDATE users SET avatar = ? WHERE id = ?",
        string(hex), u.ID,
    )
    return err
}

func (u *User) LoadAvatar(db *sql.DB) error {
    var hex string
    err := db.QueryRow(
        "SELECT avatar FROM users WHERE id = ?", u.ID,
    ).Scan(&hex)
    
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    
    coder := enchex.New()
    u.Avatar, err = coder.Decode([]byte(hex))
    return err
}

---

Best Practices

1. Handle Decode Errors

// ✅ Good: Check decode errors
decoded, err := coder.Decode(hexData)
if err != nil {
    log.Printf("Invalid hex data: %v", err)
    return err
}

// ❌ Bad: Ignoring errors
decoded, _ := coder.Decode(hexData)

2. Validate Input Length

// ✅ Good: Validate before decode
if len(hexData)%2 != 0 {
    return fmt.Errorf("hex data must have even length")
}
decoded, err := coder.Decode(hexData)

// Info: Decode will catch this too, but explicit is better

3. Use Appropriate Encoding

// ✅ Good: Use hex for display/debugging
hex := coder.Encode(binaryData)
fmt.Printf("Data: %s\n", hex)

// ❌ Bad: Use hex for storage (base64 is more efficient)
// Hex: 2× expansion
// Base64: 1.33× expansion

4. Stream Large Files

// ✅ Good: Stream for large files
hexReader := coder.EncodeReader(fileReader)
io.Copy(output, hexReader)

// ❌ Bad: Load everything in memory
data, _ := io.ReadAll(fileReader)  // Memory intensive
encoded := coder.Encode(data)

5. Consider Case Sensitivity

// ✅ Good: Lowercase for consistency
encoded := coder.Encode(data)  // Always lowercase

// ✅ Good: Accept both for decoding
decoded1, _ := coder.Decode([]byte("48656c6c6f"))  // lowercase
decoded2, _ := coder.Decode([]byte("48656C6C6F"))  // uppercase
// Both work

---

Testing

Comprehensive testing documentation is available in TESTING.md.

Quick Test:

cd encoding/hexa
go test -v -cover

Test Metrics:

• 97 test specifications
• 89.7% code coverage
• Ginkgo v2 + Gomega framework
• Edge case testing (invalid input, streaming, etc.)

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Contributing

Contributions are welcome! Please follow these guidelines:

Code Contributions

• Do not use AI to generate package implementation code
• AI may assist with tests, documentation, and bug fixing
• All contributions must pass existing tests
• Maintain or improve test coverage
• Follow existing code style

Testing

• Write tests for all new features
• Test edge cases (empty input, invalid hex, odd length)
• Verify round-trip encoding/decoding
• Include benchmarks for performance-critical code

Documentation

• Update README.md for new features
• Add examples for common use cases
• Document all public APIs with GoDoc
• Keep TESTING.md synchronized

Pull Requests

• Provide clear description of changes
• Reference related issues
• Include test results
• Update documentation

See CONTRIBUTING.md for detailed guidelines.

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Future Enhancements

Potential improvements for future versions:

Features

• Formatted output options (with delimiters, spacing)
• Uppercase encoding option
• Prefix options (0x, \x, etc.)
• Chunked output (groups of bytes)

Performance

• SIMD optimizations for bulk encoding
• Zero-copy encoding where possible
• Parallel encoding for large data

Utilities

• Pretty-print hex dump (with ASCII column)
• Diff hex strings
• Search in hex data
• Hex editor integration helpers

Compatibility

• Custom character sets (e.g., 0-9A-F only)
• Alternative formats (hexdump, xxd, etc.)

Suggestions and contributions are welcome via GitHub issues.

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Related Documentation

Go Standard Library

• encoding/hex - Standard hex encoding
• fmt - Printf with %x format
• strconv - Parse/format hex integers

Related Golib Packages

• encoding - Encoding interfaces
• encoding/aes - AES encryption
• encoding/mux - Multiplexed encoding

Hex Standards

• RFC 4648 - Base encodings (includes hex)
• Hexadecimal - Wikipedia

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License

MIT License - See LICENSE file for details.

Copyright (c) 2023 Nicolas JUHEL

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Resources

• Issues: GitHub Issues
• Documentation: GoDoc
• Testing Guide: TESTING.md
• Contributing: CONTRIBUTING.md
• Source Code: GitHub Repository

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This package is part of the golib project.