bandwidth

Bandwidth Package

Lightweight, thread-safe bandwidth throttling and rate limiting for file I/O operations with seamless progress tracking integration.

---

Table of Contents

• Overview
• Architecture
• Performance
• Use Cases
• Quick Start
• API Reference
• Best Practices
• Contributing
• Improvements & Security
• Resources
• AI Transparency
• License

---

Overview

The bandwidth package provides bandwidth throttling and rate limiting for file I/O operations through seamless integration with the github.com/nabbar/golib/file/progress package. It enforces bytes-per-second transfer limits using time-based throttling with atomic operations for thread-safe concurrent usage.

Design Philosophy

1. Zero-Cost Unlimited: Setting limit to 0 disables throttling with no overhead
2. Atomic Operations: Thread-safe concurrent access without mutexes
3. Callback Integration: Seamless integration with progress tracking callbacks
4. Time-Based Limiting: Enforces rate limits by introducing sleep delays when needed
5. Simple API: Minimal learning curve with straightforward registration pattern

Why Use This Package?

• Network Bandwidth Control: Prevent overwhelming network connections during uploads/downloads
• Disk I/O Rate Limiting: Avoid disk saturation during large file operations
• Shared Bandwidth Management: Control aggregate bandwidth across multiple concurrent transfers
• Progress Monitoring: Combine bandwidth limiting with real-time progress tracking
• Production-Ready: Thread-safe, tested, and battle-hardened implementation

Key Features

• Configurable Limits: Any bytes-per-second rate from 1 byte/s to unlimited
• Thread-Safe: Safe for concurrent use across multiple goroutines
• Zero Overhead: No performance penalty when unlimited (limit = 0)
• Atomic Operations: Lock-free timestamp storage for minimal contention
• 84.4% Test Coverage: Comprehensive test suite with race detection
• Integration Ready: Works seamlessly with progress package
• Callback Support: Optional user callbacks for increment and reset events
• No External Dependencies: Only standard library + golib packages

---

Architecture

Package Structure

file/bandwidth/
├── interface.go         # BandWidth interface and New() constructor
├── model.go            # Internal bw struct implementation
├── doc.go              # Package documentation
└── *_test.go           # Test files

Component Overview

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│           BandWidth Interface               │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  RegisterIncrement(fpg, callback)     │  │
│  │  RegisterReset(fpg, callback)         │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└──────────────────┬──────────────────────────┘
                   │
┌──────────────────▼──────────────────────────┐
│           bw Implementation                 │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  t: atomic.Value (timestamp)          │  │
│  │  l: Size (bytes per second limit)     │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────┘  │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  Increment(size) - enforce limit      │  │
│  │  Reset(size, current) - clear state   │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                   │
┌──────────────────▼──────────────────────────┐
│      Progress Package Integration           │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  FctIncrement callbacks               │  │
│  │  FctReset callbacks                   │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Component	Memory	Complexity	Thread-Safe
BandWidth	O(1)	Simple	✅ always
bw	O(1)	Internal	✅ atomic ops
Timestamp	8 bytes	Minimal	✅ atomic.Value

Rate Limiting Algorithm

1. Store timestamp when bytes are transferred
2. On next transfer, calculate elapsed time since last timestamp
3. Calculate current rate: rate = bytes / elapsed_seconds
4. If rate > limit, calculate required sleep: sleep = (rate / limit) * 1s
5. Sleep to enforce limit (capped at 1 second maximum)
6. Store new timestamp

This approach provides smooth rate limiting without strict per-operation delays, allowing burst transfers when the average rate is below the limit.

---

Performance

Memory Efficiency

Constant Memory Usage - The package maintains O(1) memory regardless of transfer size:

Base overhead:        ~100 bytes (struct)
Timestamp storage:    8 bytes (atomic.Value)
Total:                ~108 bytes per instance
Memory Growth:        ZERO (no additional allocation per operation)

Throughput Impact

Performance impact depends on the configured limit:

Limit	Overhead	Impact
0 (unlimited)	~0µs	Zero overhead
1 MB/s	<1ms	Minimal for normal files
100 KB/s	<10ms	Noticeable for small transfers
1 KB/s	Variable	Significant throttling

Measured with default buffer sizes, actual performance varies with file size and transfer patterns

Concurrency Performance

The package scales well with concurrent instances:

Goroutines	Throughput	Latency	Memory
1	Native speed	<1ms	~100B
10	Native speed	<1ms	~1KB
100	Native speed	<1ms	~10KB

Thread Safety:

• ✅ Lock-free atomic operations
• ✅ Zero contention on timestamp storage
• ✅ Safe for concurrent RegisterIncrement/RegisterReset calls

---

Use Cases

1. Network Upload Rate Limiting

Problem: Control upload speed to avoid overwhelming network connections.

bw := bandwidth.New(size.SizeMiB) // 1 MB/s limit
fpg, _ := progress.Open("upload.dat")
bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, nil)
io.Copy(networkConn, fpg) // Throttled to 1 MB/s

Real-world: Used for cloud backup uploads, file synchronization services.

2. Disk I/O Throttling

Problem: Prevent disk saturation during large file operations.

bw := bandwidth.New(10 * size.SizeMiB) // 10 MB/s
fpg, _ := progress.Open("large_backup.tar")
bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, func(sz int64) {
    fmt.Printf("Progress: %d bytes\n", sz)
})
io.Copy(destination, fpg)

Real-world: Database backups, log archiving, bulk data processing.

3. Multi-File Shared Bandwidth

Problem: Control aggregate bandwidth across multiple concurrent transfers.

sharedBW := bandwidth.New(5 * size.SizeMiB) // Shared 5 MB/s
for _, file := range files {
    go func(f string) {
        fpg, _ := progress.Open(f)
        sharedBW.RegisterIncrement(fpg, nil)
        io.Copy(destination, fpg)
    }(file)
}

Real-world: Distributed file systems, CDN uploads, multi-stream downloads.

4. Progress Monitoring with Rate Limiting

Problem: Combine bandwidth limiting with user-visible progress tracking.

bw := bandwidth.New(size.SizeMiB)
fpg, _ := progress.Open("data.bin")
bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, func(sz int64) {
    pct := float64(sz) / float64(fileSize) * 100
    fmt.Printf("Progress: %.1f%%\n", pct)
})
io.Copy(writer, fpg) // 1 MB/s with progress updates

Real-world: File managers, backup software, download clients.

---

Quick Start

Installation

go get github.com/nabbar/golib/file/bandwidth

Basic Usage (Unlimited)

package main

import (
    "io"
    "os"
    
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/bandwidth"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/progress"
)

func main() {
    // Create bandwidth limiter (unlimited)
    bw := bandwidth.New(0)
    
    // Open file with progress tracking
    fpg, _ := progress.Open("file.dat")
    defer fpg.Close()
    
    // Register bandwidth limiting
    bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, nil)
    
    // Transfer with no throttling
    io.Copy(destination, fpg)
}

With Bandwidth Limit

package main

import (
    "io"
    
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/bandwidth"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/progress"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/size"
)

func main() {
    // Create bandwidth limiter: 1 MB/s
    bw := bandwidth.New(size.SizeMiB)
    
    // Open file with progress tracking
    fpg, _ := progress.Open("large-file.dat")
    defer fpg.Close()
    
    // Register bandwidth limiting
    bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, nil)
    
    // Transfer throttled to 1 MB/s
    io.Copy(destination, fpg)
}

With Progress Callback

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "io"
    
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/bandwidth"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/progress"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/size"
)

func main() {
    // Create bandwidth limiter: 2 MB/s
    bw := bandwidth.New(2 * size.SizeMiB)
    
    // Open file with progress tracking
    fpg, _ := progress.Open("file.dat")
    defer fpg.Close()
    
    // Register with progress callback
    var totalBytes int64
    bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, func(size int64) {
        totalBytes += size
        fmt.Printf("Transferred: %d bytes\n", totalBytes)
    })
    
    // Transfer with progress updates
    io.Copy(destination, fpg)
}

With Reset Callback

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/bandwidth"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/progress"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/size"
)

func main() {
    bw := bandwidth.New(size.SizeMiB)
    fpg, _ := progress.Open("file.dat")
    defer fpg.Close()
    
    // Register reset callback
    bw.RegisterReset(fpg, func(size, current int64) {
        fmt.Printf("Reset: max=%d current=%d\n", size, current)
    })
    
    // Operations that may trigger reset
    buffer := make([]byte, 512)
    fpg.Read(buffer)
    fpg.Reset(1024)
}

Network Transfer Example

package main

import (
    "net"
    
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/bandwidth"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/file/progress"
    "github.com/nabbar/golib/size"
)

func main() {
    // Connect to server
    conn, _ := net.Dial("tcp", "example.com:8080")
    defer conn.Close()
    
    // Bandwidth limit: 500 KB/s
    bw := bandwidth.New(500 * size.SizeKilo)
    
    // Open local file
    fpg, _ := progress.Open("upload.dat")
    defer fpg.Close()
    
    // Register bandwidth limiting with progress
    var uploaded int64
    bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, func(size int64) {
        uploaded += size
        fmt.Printf("Uploaded: %d bytes\n", uploaded)
    })
    
    // Upload with rate limiting
    io.Copy(conn, fpg)
}

---

API Reference

Types

BandWidth Interface

type BandWidth interface {
    RegisterIncrement(fpg Progress, fi FctIncrement)
    RegisterReset(fpg Progress, fr FctReset)
}

Primary interface for bandwidth control and rate limiting.

Methods:

• RegisterIncrement(fpg, callback) - Register bandwidth-limited increment callback
• RegisterReset(fpg, callback) - Register reset callback that clears tracking state

Functions

New

func New(bytesBySecond Size) BandWidth

Creates a new BandWidth instance with the specified rate limit.

Parameters:

• bytesBySecond - Maximum transfer rate in bytes per second
  • Use 0 for unlimited bandwidth (no throttling)
  • Common values: size.SizeKilo (1KB/s), size.SizeMega (1MB/s)

Returns: BandWidth instance

Example:

bw := bandwidth.New(0)                    // Unlimited
bw := bandwidth.New(size.SizeMega)        // 1 MB/s
bw := bandwidth.New(512 * size.SizeKilo)  // 512 KB/s

Behavior

Configuration	Behavior
bytesBySecond = 0	No throttling, zero overhead
bytesBySecond > 0	Enforces rate by sleep delays
Rate calculation	bytes / elapsed_seconds
Sleep duration	Capped at 1 second maximum

Thread Safety

All methods are safe for concurrent use:

• ✅ Safe for concurrent RegisterIncrement/RegisterReset calls
• ✅ Internal state protected by atomic operations
• ✅ No mutexes required for concurrent access

---

Best Practices

Resource Management

Always close resources:

// ✅ Good
func processFile(path string) error {
    fpg, err := progress.Open(path)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    defer fpg.Close()  // Ensure file is closed
    
    bw := bandwidth.New(size.SizeMiB)
    bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, nil)
    
    return processData(fpg)
}

// ❌ Bad
func processBad(path string) {
    fpg, _ := progress.Open(path)  // Never closed!
    bw := bandwidth.New(size.SizeMiB)
    bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, nil)
    processData(fpg)
}

Bandwidth Limit Selection

Choose appropriate limits:

// Fast local disk
bw := bandwidth.New(100 * size.SizeMega)  // 100 MB/s

// Network connection (1 Mbps)
bw := bandwidth.New(125 * size.SizeKilo)  // 125 KB/s ≈ 1 Mbps

// Slow network / cloud backup
bw := bandwidth.New(500 * size.SizeKilo)  // 500 KB/s

// Unlimited (no throttling)
bw := bandwidth.New(0)

Error Handling

Check all errors:

// ✅ Good
fpg, err := progress.Open(path)
if err != nil {
    return fmt.Errorf("open failed: %w", err)
}

n, err := io.Copy(dest, fpg)
if err != nil {
    return fmt.Errorf("copy failed: %w", err)
}

// ❌ Bad
fpg, _ := progress.Open(path)  // Ignoring errors!
io.Copy(dest, fpg)

Concurrency

One instance per goroutine or shared:

// ✅ Good: Shared instance for aggregate limiting
sharedBW := bandwidth.New(5 * size.SizeMega)

for _, file := range files {
    go func(f string) {
        fpg, _ := progress.Open(f)
        defer fpg.Close()
        sharedBW.RegisterIncrement(fpg, nil)
        io.Copy(dest, fpg)
    }(file)
}

// ✅ Good: Separate instances for independent limiting
for _, file := range files {
    go func(f string) {
        bw := bandwidth.New(size.SizeMega)  // Per-file limit
        fpg, _ := progress.Open(f)
        defer fpg.Close()
        bw.RegisterIncrement(fpg, nil)
        io.Copy(dest, fpg)
    }(file)
}

Testing

The package includes a comprehensive test suite with 84.4% code coverage and race detection. All tests pass with -race flag enabled.

Quick test commands:

go test ./...                          # Run all tests
go test -cover ./...                   # With coverage
CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -race ./...      # With race detection

See TESTING.md for comprehensive testing documentation.

---

Contributing

Contributions are welcome! Please follow these guidelines:

1. Code Quality

   • Follow Go best practices and idioms
   • Maintain or improve code coverage (target: >80%)
   • Pass all tests including race detector
   • Use gofmt and golint

2. AI Usage Policy

   • ❌ AI must NEVER be used to generate package code or core functionality
   • ✅ AI assistance is limited to:
     • Testing (writing and improving tests)
     • Debugging (troubleshooting and bug resolution)
     • Documentation (comments, README, TESTING.md)
   • All AI-assisted work must be reviewed and validated by humans

3. Testing

   • Add tests for new features
   • Use Ginkgo v2 / Gomega for test framework
   • Ensure zero race conditions with go test -race

4. Documentation

   • Update GoDoc comments for public APIs
   • Add examples for new features
   • Update README.md and TESTING.md if needed

5. Pull Request Process

   • Fork the repository
   • Create a feature branch
   • Write clear commit messages
   • Ensure all tests pass
   • Update documentation
   • Submit PR with description of changes

See CONTRIBUTING.md for detailed guidelines.

---

Improvements & Security

Current Status

The package is production-ready with no urgent improvements or security vulnerabilities identified.

Code Quality Metrics

• ✅ 84.4% test coverage (target: >80%)
• ✅ Zero race conditions detected with -race flag
• ✅ Thread-safe with atomic operations
• ✅ Memory-safe with proper resource management
• ✅ Standard interfaces for maximum compatibility

Future Enhancements (Non-urgent)

The following enhancements could be considered for future versions:

Algorithm Improvements:

1. Token bucket algorithm for more precise rate limiting
2. Configurable burst allowance for transient spikes
3. Moving average calculation for smoother limiting
4. Adaptive rate adjustment based on system load

Feature Additions:

1. Multiple rate limits (e.g., per-second and per-minute)
2. Dynamic limit adjustment during runtime
3. Rate limiting statistics and reporting
4. Integration with system network QoS

API Extensions:

1. Rate limit getter method for monitoring
2. Pause/resume functionality
3. Bandwidth usage statistics
4. Event hooks for limit exceeded

These are optional improvements and not required for production use. The current implementation is stable, performant, and feature-complete for its intended use cases.

Suggestions and contributions are welcome via GitHub issues.

---

Resources

Package Documentation

• GoDoc - Complete API reference with function signatures, method descriptions, and runnable examples. Essential for understanding the public interface and usage patterns.

• doc.go - In-depth package documentation including design philosophy, rate limiting algorithm, buffer sizing, performance considerations, and best practices for production use.

• TESTING.md - Comprehensive test suite documentation covering test architecture, BDD methodology with Ginkgo v2, 84.4% coverage analysis, and guidelines for writing new tests.

Related golib Packages

• github.com/nabbar/golib/file/progress - Progress tracking for file I/O operations. The bandwidth package integrates seamlessly with progress for rate-limited file transfers with real-time monitoring.

• github.com/nabbar/golib/size - Size constants and utilities (KiB, MiB, GiB, etc.) used for configuring bandwidth limits. Provides type-safe size constants to avoid magic numbers.

Standard Library References

• io - Standard I/O interfaces. The bandwidth package works with io.Reader, io.Writer, and io.Copy for seamless integration with Go's I/O ecosystem.

• sync/atomic - Atomic operations used for lock-free timestamp storage. Understanding atomic operations helps in appreciating the thread-safety guarantees.

• time - Time operations for rate calculation and sleep delays. The package uses time.Since() and time.Sleep() for rate limiting implementation.

External References

• Effective Go - Official Go programming guide covering best practices for interfaces, error handling, and concurrency patterns. The bandwidth package follows these conventions for idiomatic Go code.

• Rate Limiting - Wikipedia article explaining rate limiting concepts, algorithms, and use cases. Provides background on the general approach to rate limiting.

Community & Support

• GitHub Issues - Report bugs, request features, or ask questions about the bandwidth package. Check existing issues before creating new ones.

• Contributing Guide - Detailed guidelines for contributing code, tests, and documentation to the project. Includes code style requirements, testing procedures, and pull request process.

---

AI Transparency

In compliance with EU AI Act Article 50.4: AI assistance was used for testing, documentation, and bug resolution under human supervision. All core functionality is human-designed and validated.

---

License

MIT License - See LICENSE file for details.

Copyright (c) 2025 Nicolas JUHEL

---

Maintained by: Nicolas JUHEL
Package: github.com/nabbar/golib/file/bandwidth
Version: See releases for versioning